Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) , also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), is an autoimmune disease. Patient's immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the receptors of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHR). Those autoantibodies are named as TSAb (thyroid stimulating antibody) or TSI (Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins). TSAb can stimulate the TSHR expressed in the eye, causeing swelling and inflammation of the eye, also leading to the buildup of fat and muscle tissue behind the eye. As a result, TED manifests with various eye-related symptoms including periorbital swelling, lid retraction, bulging eyes (proptosis), double vision (diplopia), and in severe cases, even optic nerve compression.

In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers (called myelin). This disrupts the transmission of information between the brain and the rest of the body. Ultimately, the disease can cause permanent damage to nerve fibers. The symptoms of MS include numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, vision changes, and other symptoms. Some people may have long periods of time between attacks without any new symptoms (this is called remission). The course of the disease varies depending on the type of MS.

There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, treatment can help speed recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease, and control symptoms

Type 1 diabetes (T1D), formerly known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a type of autoimmune disease. The patient's immune system destroys the cells that produce insulin (pancreatic beta cells). Insulin is a hormone that allows cells to use blood sugar to produce energy and regulate blood sugar levels. The lack of insulin causes the patient's blood sugar levels to be too high. Typical symptoms include: frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss; other symptoms include blurred vision, fatigue, and poor healing. Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 diabetes by testing for autoantibodies. There is no way to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes. Patients must take insulin to survive. Diet and exercise are important parts of managing diabetes.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of conditions that cause long-term inflammation of the digestive tract. This inflammation is caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the digestive tract as if there was a foreign threat, such as food, bacteria, or other substances. This attack increases the number of white blood cells in the intestinal lining, leading to persistent inflammation. IBD symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue.

The increasing trend toward a Western diet in Asian countries has led to a rise in the incidence of IBD in the region.

If left untreated or treated incorrectly, IBD can be life-threatening, including increasing the risk of colon cancer.